GERD is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal disorders. Its worldwide frequency is estimated to be around 14 percent. Heartburn, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), and chest discomfort are common symptoms. Risk factors have been identified as anatomical anomalies such as hiatal hernia and obesity.
For years, scientists have debated whether hormone therapy (HT) is linked to an increased risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). A recent comprehensive study and meta-analysis attempt to settle the controversy, revealing a strong correlation between HT use in the past and GERD.
The results of the analysis were published online in Menopause, the journal of The North American Menopause Society (NAMS).
GERD is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal disorders. Its worldwide frequency is estimated to be around 14 percent. Heartburn, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), and chest discomfort are common symptoms. Risk factors have been identified as anatomical anomalies such as hiatal hernia and obesity. Several medicines, including antidepressants, anti-inflammatory drugs, and HT, have also been related to GERD in several studies, with mixed results, particularly with regard to HT.
Estrogen increases stomach acid production and is associated with higher levels of plasma nitric oxide, which is a key neurotransmitter for the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Progesterone relaxes the esophageal muscles and the LES, allowing stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus, causing GERD symptoms. Previous research linked female sex hormones with GERD symptoms during pregnancy and with oral contraceptive use. However, the association between HT and GERD in postmenopausal women remained unclear. A new systematic review and meta-analysis, however, provides clarity by confirming a significant association between ever or current HT use and GERD.
Researchers conducted an online search of published randomized, controlled trials and observational studies investigating the association between HT and GERD. Although a total of 84 studies were originally identified, most were eliminated because of irrelevancy or because they were duplicates or associated with conference abstracts. What remained for analysis were five full-length studies that covered more than one million participants. No participants with a prior GERD diagnosis were included.
All five studies reported a significant association between estrogen use and GERD, as well as between GERD and HT containing a combination of estrogen plus progestogen. Women who received combined estrogen-progestogen therapies had a lower risk of GERD symptoms compared with HT containing estrogen alone or progestogen alone.
Additional research is suggested because of the small number of included studies. Hormone therapy has proven effective in treating many menopause symptoms. GERD risk factors should be considered when evaluating women with menopause symptoms.
Review results are published in the article “The association between menopausal hormone therapy and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review and Meta-analysis.”
“Although additional research is needed, this study highlights the potential for the development of GERD symptoms with HT use. A review of risk factors for GERD and implementation of lifestyle strategies for prevention, such as smoking cessation, maintaining a healthy weight, and not lying down after a heavy meal, may be helpful to avoid GERD symptoms in menopausal women considering HT use,” said Dr. Stephanie Faubion, NAMS medical director.
